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Architecture is one of the oldest forms of human creative activity. Buildings provide shelter against the elements and a home for human beings. They also play other roles, such as that of public or religious buildings and structures. From the Neolithic period to the present day, people have built various types of buildings to serve these purposes and functions and in different architectural styles and methods using locally available materials depending on their economic conditions. The history of architecture can be traced back to early humans who built shelters using wood or bamboo poles during warm seasons, but it has been suggested that building design must have started even earlier than this, when our ancestors were still living in caves. There may be evidence that suggests that early man was able to plan and make decisions about the shape of space before the invention of language. Early architectural history is usually divided into three eras, which are Neolithic architecture (up to 5000BC) - Early Mesopotamian architecture (6000-2000 BC), Ancient Egypt (3500 BC to 1000 BC) and classical antiquity (c. 600 BC to c. 250 AD). Recorded history began with Sumerian cities presenting their plans in cuneiform writing on clay tablets at least as far back as 3100BC, then it rose rapidly in power during the following centuries leading up to the rise of civilizations such as those that arose in Greece and Rome. There was a further effect when the area of Mesopotamia was conquered by the Romans, followed by their empire in AD43, and then in AD939, ceasing to be a real part of the world when Constantinople fell in 1453. From that time until the late nineteenth century, architecture continued to develop alongside other sciences such as physics and chemistry. Architecture is an important element of culture and identity. It can be seen as a major visual art form (not unlike painting), formed from many different sources such as history, aesthetics and functionalism. The study of architecture began with ancient history and has continued through its present state. Architecture carries a social significance and establishes man's relationship with the world. It has been described as an art of building which is reflective of human culture and its history. Architecture is the product of past man-made environments that eventually become an important part of civilization, and it remains a reflection of that culture that lasts long after the passing away. The discipline also helps us to understand how we live in relation to others, because architecture expands our awareness into wider realms than simply what we can see from our physical surroundings. Architectural design is a process, a form of work done by an architect, which begins with a numerical or qualitative idea or problem statement and ends with its practical realization in tangible structures. In the early 17th century, the design processes of Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler were described by Galileo's 1623 "Le operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare" and Kepler's 1615 edition of "The Six-Cornered Snowflake", a popular geometry textbook. Today, a modern understanding of architecture is based on a formalist concept of design, which emphasizes expressing in abstract terms the relationships that develop from plans to realize complete built works for practical use or aesthetic appreciation. The role of an architect varies between countries. cfa1e77820
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